Memento Film Analysis Paper Essay

Memento (2001), a film that was written and directed by Christopher Nolan, has captivated the attention of movie and puzzle enthusiasts everywhere. Some may call it a Drama or Mystery, or even a Thriller or a Neo-Noir film, whatever the case is, this film fits most, if not all, of these categories. Memento is a film about a man, Leonard Shelby who lives his life with Anterograde Amnesia which leaves him incapable of making new memories. He spends the time in this film putting pieces of a puzzle together that will hopefully lead him to find the man who raped and killed his wife. Christopher Nolan takes us through a crazy journey that involves twists and turns, Fear and Anxiety and even a feeling of Paranoia that leaves us questioning who we should really trust in the film. This psychological mystery allows us to see the film as neo-noir because of the flawed protagonist which is reflected in the main character, Leonard. With the disability our main character and narrator has, it might give some viewers a feeling of uneasiness and may even not trust him entirely which gives the feeling of paranoia in not knowing who in the film is telling us the truth and who is lying to us. The story is told in a confusing way, if one were to not pay attention for a short period of time, it may be certain that you will be lost in the film. One has to truly pay up most attention in order to fully process everything that is going on, one viewing may not even be enough, a second viewing may help us catch things that were previously missed or even hidden in plain sight, but the film keeps us with the anxiety of wanting to know what happens next which allows this film to catch our attention even after one viewing. Memento is a film that can fall under many genres of film, I will however, be focusing on the genres of Drama, Mystery and Thriller. The film includes many different elements which allow the film to fall under these three main genres. A drama is often described as a film â€Å"that relies on the emotional and relational development of realistic characters. † Most of the emotional development could be seen through the characters of Leonard and Natalie, who seem to develop an intimate relationship. This is in a way hinted to us during a scene where we see Leonard waking up in bed next to Natalie. Drama is also seen when â€Å"dramatic themes play a huge role in the plot. See more: how to write an analysis paper on an article examples † Leonard is often questioning what the truth is and what isn’t, thanks to his rare case of amnesia he is often seen to be in conflict with himself and those around him. The purpose of a drama is to tell an honest story of human struggles; the struggles that Leonard goes through could be the same that one may go through when faced with the rare case of amnesia. The Mystery genre seems to be thrown at us with the many examples that we are given throughout the entire film. A mystery usually â€Å"centers on a person of authority, usually a detective that is trying to solve a mysterious crime. † The crime that is trying to be solved is the murder of Leonard’s wife, the murder is shrouded with mystery not only because of Leonard’s inability to remember, but also because of the very limited clues that we’re given. This genre could also tie into other genres such as Crime Fiction, Revenge, and Crime Thriller. The biggest element that the mystery genre has is the feeling of â€Å"whodunit†. This â€Å"whodunit† is usually described as the story that gives the identity of the murderer at the end. Memento also fits under the genre of Thriller which usually revolves around the anticipation and suspense in a film. They do this in their genres in order to keep the audience wanting more or for that edge of their seat excitement. Christopher Nolan does an excellent job with this genre; the way the film was presented helps this genre so much more. With the story being told to us backwards we want to know why things are happening, often times other films have us wondering what will happen next, but this film has us thinking, what happened before the event that we just saw. With the many genres presented, it’s no surprise that Memento would have an element of  confusion to it. The story itself may be confusing, but I rather want to talk about the characters within the film. Leonard Shelby suffers from a rare case of Anterograde Amnesia, according to the science section of the website HowStuffWorks. com anterograde amnesia means you have difficulty of making new memories and absorbing new information. Leonard Shelby being our main narrator throughout the film, we seem to trust and believe everything he tells us, this is due to the fact that we are so used to watching films that tell us that the narrator is a reliable subject. Leonard Shelby having this handicap makes us feel some sort of sympathy for him which makes believe he is reliable, but having a condition where you cannot remember how a conversation began once it has ended, leaves us wondering how can we believe this man if he can’t even remember how he got to the point in which he is now. We watch the film thinking of who is lying to us, who is telling us the truth, what’s going to happen, towards the end we seem to build a trust with our main narrator because we’ve seen the struggle he’s gone through and the situations  he’s had to face in order to find the murder who killed his wife. To our surprise, once we get reach the ending of the film, which in reality is the beginning, we see that Leonard has been lying to us the entire time. Character development in a film is crucial because it allows us to see who we can categorize to be the â€Å"good guy† or the â€Å"bad guy†, the non-linear narrative presented to us in Memento allowed Christopher Nolan to play with the way he presented his characters and make us believe the people who were truly lying to us.

Vbscript Network Shares Lab

VBScript Network Shares Lab Objectives In this lab, students will complete the following objectives. * Create a VBScript Program using NotePad++. * Use WScript. Shell object and its methods. * Use Scripting. FileSystemObject and its methods. * Use LanmanServer,FileService objects and its methods. * Use WScript. Network object and its methods. Element K Network Connections For this lab, we will need to connect to vlab-PC1 and vlab-PC2. The computer vlab-PC1 is the computer on the left side while vlab-PC2 is on the right.If you leave the cursor on the PC icon for a few seconds, a tool-tip message will appear indicating the hostname of the PC. Open vlab-PC1 and login as Administrator with the password password. Return to the network and open vlab-PC2 and login as Administrator with the password password. Note: All captures must be text only—DO NOT capture the NotePad++ application window or the command prompt window. Use copy and paste of text only. Task 1: NetShareServer. vbs Pr ogram on vlab-PC1 * On vlab-PC1, open NotePad++ and from the File menu, select New. Create a Programmer Header that includes the name of your VBScript file, your name, the date, the class, and the name of your professor. Each of these VBScript comment lines begin with a (‘) character. * From the File menu, select Save. Save your program as NetShareServer. vbs in the C:Scripts folder as shown below. * Define the Scripting. FileSystemObject fso that provides control of local folders and files. The â€Å"WinNT://hostname/LanmanServer,FileService object fileServ allows us to create and manage network shares similar to the NET SHARE commands we discussed last week.Note: When you create the fileServ object, the hostname value vlab-PC1 must match the hostname of the computer acting as the server. If you don’t know your Windows hostname, open a Windows CLI and execute the hostname command. Task 2: Create a Folder and Copy Files to the New Folder * Use the fso. CreateFolder( ) to create the folder C:Public. The path and name of the folder to be created is place inside the parentheses and delimited with double quotes. * Use the fso. CopyFile method to copy all files in the C:WindowsCursors folder that start with the letter w to the C:Public folder.There are no parentheses used for this method. The syntax for this method is Note: The first argument is the file/s to be copied and second argument (after the ,) is the destination folder. * Skip several lines and enter the following statements. The WScript. Echo statement simply outputs a new line and announces the end of the program. * Save your program (S). Press the function key and enter: cscript NetShareServer. vbs. Click OK to execute your program. * Below is the run of the program. It should run without errors although it does not produce any output.Check to see if the program successfully created the C:Public directory and copied the files from the C:Windows directory by clicking in the NotePad++ consol e window and entering the command: dir C:Public as shown below. You could also open the Windows CLI and execute the same command to test your script. * Go to the command line or Windows Explorer to verify that C:Public folder has been created and populated with some files. If you have any problems with the RUN, delete the C:Public folder if it exists in Windows Explorer and re-run the script from the Windows CLI using cscript.Check your VBScript program for errors, make the needed changes, delete the C:Public folder if it exists, and run the program again. Task 3: Display Current Network Shares and Create New Share * Skip a line after the fso. CopyFile line and enter the following program lines. * WScript. Echo displays a message to the console windows or desktop. The For Each Next loop is used to display all of the current network shares on the local computer. From the Windows CLI, the NET SHARE command would display the same information. Note: The For Each Next loop is a special F or loop used to access the elements or components in an array.The fileServ object contains an array name( ) that contains all the current network shares fileServ. name(0) .. fileServ. name(n) where n is the last index in the array. * Within a VBScript program, you need to use the â€Å"LanmanServer,FileService† object to create a new network share. Enter the following lines to share the â€Å"C:Public† folder with the share name PublicData. Note where the share name and folder path go in the following commands. MaxUserCount sets the maximum simultaneous connections allowed for this share. After we have created the new share, we want see if the new PublicData share has been added.Type the following code to view the current shares again. The WScript. Echo vbCrLf command displays a blank line. * Save your program (S). Press the function key and enter: cscript NetShareServer. vbs. Click OK to execute your program. You should get an error message as shown below because the folder you are trying to create now already exists. * * Add a new line just above the fso. CreateFolder( ) line with this statement: On Error Resume Next. This statement will ignore noncritical errors and allow the program to continue. * * Save your program (S) and press the function key and enter: cscript NetShareServer. vbs. Click OK to execute your program. You should get a run in the console windows similar to the one below. Verify that the new network share â€Å"PublicData† has been created. Note: If you have errors and need to re-run the program at this point in the development, you may see the PublicData share in both the Current and New Shares because the share may still be valid from your earlier run. Task 4: Add Time Delay, Delete PublicData Share, and Delete C:Public Just above the End of Program message, add the following code. The WScript. Sleep(60000) will pause the script for 60 seconds (or 60,000 milliseconds). The fileServ. Delete and fso. DeleteFolder metho ds will delete the Network Share and delete the C:Public folder and the files it contains. * Save your program (S) and press the function key and enter: cscript NetShareServer. vbs. Click OK to execute your program. You should get a run in the NotePad++ console window similar to the one shown on the next page. Wait until you see the End of Program after the 60-second delay.Copy and paste your NetworkShareServer program sourcecode from NotePad++ and your Run from the NotePad++ Console or the Windows CLI RUN into the spaces provided in your lab-report document. | Task 5: NetShareClient. vbs Program on vlab-PC2 * Leave vlab-PC1 open and return to the Network diagram and select vlab-PC2. If it isn’t labeled, it will be the computer on the right. * Once the vlab-PC2 computer opens, log in as Administrator with a password of password. Cascade the two computer windows, so you can go easier from one computer to the other as shown below. Open NotePad++ on vlab_PC2 and create a Program mer Header that includes the name of your VBScript file, your name, the date, the class, and the name of your professor. Each of these VBScript comment lines begin with a (‘) character. Save your program as NetShareClient. vbs. Task 6: Map the Shared Folder to X: and Display Files * You will need to create Scripting, FileSystemObject called fso to display the files in the mapped drive. The WScript. Network object networkObj actually does the mapping and unmapping of the network share to drive X:. The UNC notation network share we want to access is vlab-PC1PublicData. Keep in mind that the network share PublicData can be anywhere on the network and is not typically a local share. The networkObj. MapNetworkDrive method is used to map the network share on vlab-PC1 to X: drive on vlab-PC2. The Set folder = fso. GetFolder(â€Å"X:†) creates a folder object for the mapped X: drive. * The line Set files = folder. Files creates files collection object that contains all of the f iles in the X: folder. The For Each loop sequences through the items in the files collection object and displays those files.Type in the code shown on the next page. * Save your program (S) and complete the remaining VBScript code that will display the contents of the mapped drive X:, unmap the mapped drive X: and end the program with the message: End of Program. * Check your NetShareClient. vbs program for errors and save it using S. Task 7: Final Run of NetShareServer and NetShareClient * Return to vlab-PC1 and start the NetShareServer. vbs program running with . As soon as the vlab-PC1 NetShareServer. vbs program is running, quickly return to vlab-PC2 and start the NetShareClient. vbs program with .Remember, you only have 60 seconds after you have started the NetShareServer program to successfully run the NetShareClient program. * If you do not get the output shown above, for the NetShareClient. vbs program. Correct any errors and re-save your program. Run the NetShareServer prog ram again on vlab-PC1 and run the corrected NetShareClient program on vlab-PC2. Copy and paste your NetShareClient program sourcecode from NotePad++ and your NotePad++ console run (or Windows CLI run) into the spaces provided in your lab-report document. Submit your completed lab-report document to the iLab Dropbox for this week. |

Public Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public Finance - Essay Example This work looks into the experience of South Korea and identifies a few lessons in public finance. Describing the Asian Crisis as a financial crisis, Heo and Sumwoong reported that South Korea prior to the crisis, â€Å"average a growth close to 10% per year† commencing in the early 1960s (490). The authors described the Asian Crisis as a failure of a development paradigm premised on a statist approach that called for a strong government role in the economy (490). Statism or statist pertains to a strong role of the state. In their assessment, Heo and Sumwoong estimated that in 1997, the exchange rate against the dollar â€Å"went from below 900 won to the dollar that summer to around 900 won to the dollar the summer to around 1,500 in mid-November† (490). Kwan attributed the financial crisis in South Korea to the South Korean government practice of targeting large conglomerates in Korea known as chaebols and extending to chaebols various types of government assistance a nd support. According to Kim, the chaebols in both the banking and corporate sectors received a lion’s share of government financial assistance (5). Assistance and guarantees of assistance to the chaebols â€Å"led to a rapid rise in industrial concentration but also rendered Korea’s corporate sector and the economy vulnerable to external shocks† (Kim 5). ... wings by the corporate sectors on the banks and over-investment and excessive loans of the banks to risky investments which were thought to be good investments because of government guarantees (Kim 5-6). With this as background, â€Å"by the end of 1996 the average debt-equity ratio of the top 30 chaebols reached 400%, which was twice the international banking norm of 200%† (Kim 5). Kim presented the table below to describe how the Asian crisis affected Korea during the late 1990s. Table 1. Macroeconomic Indicators of South Korea, 1994-1998 Source: Table 1 of Kim (8) In Table 1, we see that the Asian crisis caused South Korea to acquire a 7% unemployment rate in 1998 from the usual of 2% and to have a negative 5.8% real gross domestic product growth rate from the usual positive real GDP growth rate. We also see in Table 1 that the won/dollar exchange rate deteriorated from the usual 700-800/won to a won/dollar rate of more than 1,000. For Kim, the â€Å"most significant blund er was the decision for an abrupt financial liberalization in 1996 when Korea did not have a fully developed, market-disciplined financial system† (10). According to Kim, â€Å"many newly-created financial institutions, called the ‘merchant banks,’ procured foreign currency funds on short-term basis which were used for long-term investment in Southeast Asian Countries like Thailand and Indonesia† (Kim 10). This was the formula for a multiple whammy or multiple blows: it was bad enough that South Korea is vulnerable to a crisis (as the policy of state support for chaebols encouraged the banks to put money on risky investments) but South Korean investments on countries equally vulnerable to crises complicated the risk, problem, or vulnerability by so many times. The Kim material of year 2000 used

Help me make a topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Help me make a topic - Essay Example is book with the chapter explaining how a farmer gets shot in Africa by a gunman of another tribe, for his cattle herd, and any other resources that he might be keeping. Globalization is driven by economic motives, economic globalization is the largest aspect of the entire globalization phenomenon. Trans-nationalized capital goods, services IT and manufacturing, all are governed by the economics of globalization. And throughout history, economic globalization has been mainly driven by four major factors (Aina, Chachage & Yao 18), the collapse of social regimes all over the world, hyperactivity of Multinational Corporations (MNCS), the IT revolution, and market reforms (Aina, Chachage & Yao 18). The market reforms were set in the Structural Adjustment Programs (SAP) background, especially designed for the third world countries. The main agenda was to ensure the state decontrol over the economic resources and social policy space (Aina, Chachage & Yao 24). Such were the main aspects of economic integration and globalization in the 90s. Africa is the poorest continent in terms of providing social services (Aina, Chachage & Yao 30). Education and social security aside, situation in many African countries is worse; to this day, Africa is still deprived of basic necessities of life like clean water and food. Post-colonial Africa strives for better living standards, life security is one of them. Tribal wars and killings, regional mafias and their merciless armies pose a serious threat to the prosperity of the African nation. The 2006 movie Blood Diamond by Edward Zwick is a fantasy movie based on facts. The blood diamonds in the movie refer to the diamonds that are illegally sold in the market. The labor that finds them is enslaved, and they work day in day out with the fear that if they don’t work, they will be put to the most brutal punishments. I find it relevant to mention the movie as it depicts the darkest side of Africa and it does show how modern

Libyan negotiations to join the World Trade Organization Dissertation

Libyan negotiations to join the World Trade Organization - Dissertation Example Further, Libya is rich in oil production which would have allowed the EU to better diversify its own natural resources through this partnership in the WTO (Tsirelson, 2011). Libya also, in 2010, achieved support from the central bank to allow foreign direct investment licenses as a means to support the private sector in Libya (qfinance.com, 2010). All of this has changed due to the amassing conflict with Qhadaffi’s foreign neighbors, preventing the country, likely, from achieving WTO membership. Aims and Objectives The proposed dissertation aims to examine the current role of Libya as a potential member of the WTO compared to its earlier efforts and support from 2004-2010. Overall, the project intends to identify whether Libya can still maintain such membership even in the face of growing and intense conflict with the international community. The study maintains two specific objectives: 1. Determine the role of Libyan representation in the WTO and the potential advantages that the country can bring to the rest of the international community upon potential membership. 2. Understand how the country, especially pertaining to Qhadaffi, is viewed by the international community as well as the legal systems that guide WTO membership and affiliation. Method of Inquiry The research project will consult with secondary resource materials such as legal journals, multi-media publications, and historical primary data as a means to understand the evolving legal and governmental systems in Libya over the last seven years. The methodology will consist of qualitative and quantitative research focus as part of the primary study that will include surveys distributed to generalized sample groups about their opinion about Libyan policy and action as a potential WTO member. The current macroeconomic factors driving Libyan growth and sustainability will also be measured in appropriate secondary source materials. References Journal of Commerce. 2004, WTO says Libya can apply. Ju ly 27, p.1. Qfinance.com. 2010, Libya, p.1. [accessed June 6, 2011 at http://www.qfinance.com/contentfiles/QF02/glus0fcl/1h/0/libya.pdf] Tsirelson, M. 2011, Libya, European Forum for Democracy and Solidarity. [accessed June 6, 2011 at http://www.europeanforum.net/country/libya] Bibliography Country Monitor. 2010, Libya: risk ratings. 18(19), p.11. Conversisglobalcom. 2010, Libya. [accessed June 5, 2011 at http://conversisglobalcom.site.securepod.com/cultural_commentaries/Conversis_Libya.pdf] Moran, R., Harris, P. & Moran, S. 2007, Managing Cultural Differences: Global Leadership Strategies for the 21st Century, 7th ed. Elsevier: London. National Geographic. 2010, College Atlas of the World, 2nd ed. Wiley Publishers. Oxford Economic Country Briefings. 2010, Libya. March 18, Oxford Economics Limited. Rehfeld, A. 2010, Towards a general theory of political representation, Journal of Politics, p.48. [accessed June 7, 2011 at http://www.law.columbia.edu/center_program/legal_theory/papers /fall05?exclusive=filemgr.download&file_id=96459&rtcontentdisposition=filename%3DTowards+a+General+Theory.pdf] Triola, M.F. 2008, Elementary Statistics Using the TI-83 Plus Calculator, 2nd ed. Pearson Addison

Vigilant IT professionals Wk 7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vigilant IT professionals Wk 7 - Essay Example The general responsibilities include managing information technology and computer systems; ensuring that the technology is smoothly accessible and effectively equipped with both hardware and software systems; and being able to regularly monitor and maintain technology to ensure maximized accessibility and application (Information Technology Manager, 2005). The primary concern therefore for the IT manager is sustaining effective operation of the computer system and applications within an organization at maximum ability and at the minimum cost. Aside from keeping abreast with the latest technological developments that concern the organization’s upkeep of both hardware and software system, the task of the IT manager includes identifying risks and threats of security and ensuring that the organization’s data and information system would not be compromised. The IT manager must be able to detect vulnerabilities and threats and be able to address security issues, breach of confidentiality and other information-related concerns at the soonest possible time with ease, high competence, and exemplary use of sensory, cognitive and problem-solving skills. This is a type of position that one looks forward to holding in the near future. The opportunities open for an IT manager are vast and the nature of the work is appropriately challenging due to the fast pace of technological advancement. From the information contained in the Occupational Outlook Handbook for Computer and Information Systems Managers the compensation offered is relatively high with â€Å"the median annual wage of computer and information systems managers (amounting to) $115,780 in May 2010† (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012, p. 1), or about $55.67 per hour. Likewise, the job outlook is positive with an indicated growth rate of 18% for the years 2010 up to 2012. Likewise, as disclosed, â€Å"growth will be driven by organizations upgrading their IT systems and switching to

Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited Essay

Imagination is more important than knowledge. For knowledge is limited to all we now know and understand, while imagination embraces the entire world, and all - Essay Example Knowledge is power and without knowledge we cannot progress as a human. Knowledge is what distinguished an ignorant person from a man of intelligence. The power of knowledge cannot be ignored in any society. On the other hand, imagination is the mother of all knowledge. Imagination is what enables us to form a mental of something that cannot be comprehended through the senses. It is what enables men to stumble upon great inventions and the ability to build a mental sense for great achievements. Imagination is more important than knowledge because without imagination, men cannot achieve new things. Imagination is what empowers us to dream of things that can be achieved which eventually lead to knowledge. â€Å"Knowledge is limited, whereas imagination embraces the entire world, stimulating progress, giving birth to evolution" (Einstein). Therefore, I completely agree with Einstein’s quote that imagination is more important than knowledge as imagination goes beyond limit wherea s, knowledge has its limitations. According to the Cambridge dictionary, knowledge is defined as â€Å"understanding of or information about a subject which a person gets by experience or study, and which is either in a persons mind or known by people generally† (Knowledge n.d.). Knowledge is gained through experiences, skills and personal abilities. The main sources of knowledge can be traced to instinct, reason and intuitions. In order to compete in a highly competitive world, knowledge is essential. Knowledge is what makes a man powerful and it also enables him to compete with others. Knowledge is man’s ability to develop concepts and materialize them into reality through manipulations and calculations. It also enables a person to make the right judgments which are pivotal for every human being. â€Å"Knowledge concerns itself with what is present to the senses, but is also a stored and shared repository of publicly acceptable thoughts, many frozen into physical

The Effect of Video Modeling on Childrens Academic Performance and Essay

The Effect of Video Modeling on Childrens Academic Performance and Social Behavior - Essay Example rmines whether they are going to use and carry those aggressive motives socially and academically later in life, and whether the level of exposure to violent media tends to increase or decrease child aggression. Previous research has shown that children watch adults, peers, and the media to learn how to behave. However, there remains an important gap in research such that it does not address whether the negative modeling of violence has an impact on children’s academic and social behavior. Therefore, the purpose of the proposed study is to explore children’s exposure to violent media and how it may affect their academic behavior in school. Participants will include 47 randolmly selected girls and boys ranging in age from 3 to 10 years old. A 3 day study will be conducted to determine if viewing violence has an impact on children’s social behavior and academic performance. Findings from this research will help clarify the understanding of how aggressive and academ ic behaviors are related. This study contributes to previous research on modeling effects on children in their social environment. This is an important contribution to the existing literature and may serve to enhance social change initiatives through allowing parents, caregivers and teachers to better understand how violent media may affect children and methods available to curb potential aggressive behaviors in the face of exposure to violent video media. I would like to dedicate this thesis to my husband, 3 children, and my parents. They have always stood behind me as I have tried to achieve my dreams in life! Thank you for all you have done and continue to do! I love you all! A special thank you goes out to the school administrators and educators highlighted in this study for their overwhelming assistance in carrying out this important research topic. You know who you are. Without your help, this study would not have been possible. Thus, for your professionalism, courtesy, and encouragement, I

Racism in Britain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Racism in Britain - Essay Example The British national self and race is constructed in relation to the other nations. Cultural differences are irreducible, and they revealed the ambivalence and hybrid nature of racism. Critics state that "The positing of ethnic origin raises the issue of the targets of racism being diverse and not restricted to groups defined in racial terms" (Anthias, Lloyd, 2002. p. 8). According to the nature of racism in Britain the great influx of immigrants had eroded homogeneous national identities, or rather the traditional, received instructive images and narratives of national homogeneity, and had thereby revealed the poor image of non-white race. Racism is akin to culture and religion rather than ideology in their depth and extent. The British nation is best seen as an imagined political community, at once sovereign and spatially finite-imagined. But once created, this imagined communion of the nation represents a powerful sociological reality as a community imagined to move in linear fashion through 'empty, homogeneous time. Critics and historians single out the following causes of racism in Britain. In Britain, racism can be explained as: "not just presence of physical differences between groups that creates races, but "the social recognition of such differences as socially significant or relevant" (Van the Berghe, 1967 cited Yassine, n.d.). The assumption that the root causes of these wars lay in antagonisms not only had its political and diplomatic uses therefore, but it also diverted attention from what really needed to be explained: how was it that these political elites were able to arouse people who had been living for generations in multi-ethnic, multilingual and multi-religious communities to such extremes of racism. Researchers suppose that "frustration-aggression" and "authoritarian personality" theories help to explain racism in Britain. A part of the explanation lies in the particular techniques and strategies which are deliberately employed by political leaders to turn these materials into a powerful resource for advancing nationalist claims. [They] "explain racism as a type of relief from "frustration", where a "scapegoat" may become the object of aggressive behaviour" (Yassine, n.d.). The failure, or refusal, of British public institutions to recognize the impact of political and economic change on the development of ethnic and national sentiment has made it easier for these British nation to ignore, or fail to give serious causal weight to, the role of racism in using ethnicity and religion to mobilize, polarize and radicalize larger target groups. Immigration is seen as another cause of racial ideas and prejudices existed in British society. "Immigrants from the 'New Commonwealth were not welcomed, or effectively woven into the fabric of a polyethnic, multicultural society" (Yassine, n.d.). For this reason, many British citizens do not respect other nations who come to their country looking for better life. In general, even if British society can be shown to have common values, they might be morally unacceptable. Inequality is a shared value in slave-owning, racist and caste-based societies, but historians would not wish to argue that it should therefore be cherished let alone enforced on their egalitarian minorities. Besides, the core values of any society

Coefficient of thermal expansion ( CTE) laboratory Coursework

Coefficient of thermal expansion ( CTE) laboratory - Coursework Example Coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CET), denoted by ÃŽ ±, is indicative of how much a material will expand when heated. This expansion occurs as a result of increased vibrations of atoms owing of enhanced kinetic energy gained from the heat source. Consequently, the inter-atomic distance increases which ultimately causes the material to linearly expand. CET is an inherent property of material and plays a significant role during material selection phase for fabrication jobs especially where high precision and accuracy is required over large thermal gradients. Following table outline the consolidated results of the experiment. CTE using formula has also been calculated for each reading. Sample calculations are given thereafter. A graph for Extension (mm) against Temperature (oC) has also been plotted. 2) The large error in Aluminum up to 15558% is primarily due to human error. The readings may have not been noted accurately or the decimal place not marked in correct location. Systematic error can safely be ruled out since CTE of steel and brass and within acceptable error of 5.2% and 7.7% respectively 3) The slight error can be attributed to bias in noting down the temperature reading and extension precisely at the same time. Moreover, non-uniform heating, improper contact of temperature element and creep within the specimen due to multiple thermal cycles over time may have contributed to the variance in CTE. A dial gage itself is not an accurate device and electronic stain gages for measurement of extension can give more accurate results. The results comply with the values taken from ASTM Handbook for metals for both steel and brass. Readings for Aluminum must be verified since the large error can only be attributed to human fault. For per degree rise in temperature, aluminum expands most followed by brass and then steel. ASM International. "Thermal Expansion, Thermal Properties of Metals (#06702G)." ASME

Tobacco Prevention Essay Example for Free

Tobacco Prevention Essay Over the past 50 years America has increased its level of knowledge towards the use of tobacco as well as enhanced its cessation techniques through the use of medication and researched programs. Despite these advancements smoking has continued to be a detrimental problem to the American public. According to the CDC, about 1,000 persons younger than 18 years of age begin smoking on a daily basis. 1 Many of the cessation programs directed at youths are still young and creating names for themselves. As a result of all the research that has been done regarding the cessation programs for youths, three effective steps have been found. First, screen for tobacco dependency within families; second, educate parents about the dangers of smoking and second hand smoke and third, counsel and the use of prescription medication. While these three techniques have been proven to be effective they are not a 100% guarantee and they dont address the major issue of actually getting the youths themselves to the programs. Research has extensively documented the harms of tobacco to people, specifically youths but none of it has stopped the tobacco industry from creating advertisements intended for youths. According to the World Health Organization Tobacco companies must attract a new eneration of tobacco users to survive. The industry constantly loses customers because many current smokers quit smoking or die from tobacco-related diseases. As a result, tobacco companies develop massive marketing campaigns to entice youth to smoke and become long-term smokers. 2 To parents, teacher and politicians the youth are the future of our country, to tobacco companies; the youth are the future of their business and their needs for survival. The problem of youth smoking is one that we cannot ignore and must continue to attack. As a whole Healthcare professionals, overnment lobbyist groups, insurance companies and most important the youth themselves all must re-commit themselves to exterminate this persistent problem at hand. Out of the 4,000 chemicals found in cigarettes, nicotine is often referred to as the most dangerous one. It is not regarded as being incredible dangerous to someones health but is feared by many people because extremely addictive. When smoke is inhaled that contains nicotine, the nicotine reaches the brain in a mere six seconds. When used in small doses nicotine acts as a stimulant to the brain or a substance that raises the levels of physiological activity in the body. In large doses it acts as a depressant and hinders the current of signals in the nervous system. Those substances which we call drugs cause their effects by mimicking some substance that naturally occurs in the body or by interfering with some process which naturally goes on. Nicotine acts in the former manner, by mimicking a naturally occurring substance in the body. 3 The substance that nicotine imitates is the chemical neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Each neuron has a protein, which is called a receptor, when nicotine is inhaled they attach on to these receptors in the place of acetylcholine. When nicotine binds to these receptors, like any other drugs they cause changes in the body. The primary changes that occur in the body due to nicotine inhalation are increases in the blood pressure and heart rate. Nicotine also nas psychoactive ettects or m -altering ettect upon use. The release of dopamine during the use of nicotine is a major contributor to the drugs highly addictive qualities. Dopamine is a chemical neurotransmitter that is naturally released in the body during a pleasurable experience. The nicotine released when smoking cigarettes release dopamine leaving the smoker with the feeling of extreme leasure, resulting in the desire to feel that way often. The evil genius of this drug is that while it produces dopamine it impedes the production of monoamine oxidase, which is responsible for the natural process of breaking down dopamine. The ability for nicotine to block the production of monoamine oxidase wears off short after the end of use, this fact causes the smokers to continue to get the urge to smoke and feel heightened levels of dopamine. 4 Nicotine dependence is defined as an addiction to tobacco products caused by the drug nicotine, meaning you cant stop using the substance despite the knowledge hat is causing you harm. The united States Department of Health and Human Services have concluded that for most youths its takes 2-3 years to become nicotine dependent but as few as 100 cigarettes to become addicted. In 2010 about 2. 6 American adolescents (aged 12-17) reported using a tobacco product in the month prior to the survey. In that same year it was found that nearly 60 percent of new smokers were under the age of 18 when they first smoked a cigarette. Of smokers under the age of 18 more then 6 million will likely die prematurely from a smoking- related disease. 6 There are two primary influences that cau se adolescents to susceptible to developing nicotine dependence, the first being peer pressure. Peer pressure is a fact of life and inevitable in your childhood and adolescence. Wheatear a person is conscious or not towards the pressure the choices and behaviors peers make affect the surrounding peers. According to Phillip Morris USA youths with at least three friends who smoke are 10 times more likely pick up the habit than youths who have friends that do not smoke. 7 The other influence that causes adolescents to be more susceptible to nicotine ependence than adults is not a psychosocial factor but a biological one. There are biological differences in adults and adolescents that leave adolescents more vulnerable to nicotine addition. Much of the research done in this sector has been executed with the use of adolescent rats and adult rats for safety reasons. Adolescent rats are more susceptible to reinforcing effects of nicotine that adult rats, and take more nicotine when it is available than do adult animals. 8 An animal study done by the National Institute on Drug Abuse has reported the negative affects that acetaldehyde has on smokers, specifically adolescents. The study found that acetaldehyde, an organic chemical compound found in cigarettes dramatically increases the reinforcing properties of nicotine and may also contribute to tobacco addiction. It was also found that acetaldehyde has an age- related effect and was far more drastic in the adolescent animals brains than the adult animals. 9 In 2009 the Philadelphia Department of Health conducted a study that found the high school smoking rate was higher in Philadelphia then any other large city. The smoking rate for high school students was 3. %, the racial breakdown of those statistics were 1. % of African Americans, 3. 1% of Hispanics and 15. 6% of Caucasians. 10 There are two main contributors that lead Philadelphia to have the highest high school smoking rate; cigarettes are cheaper in Philadelphia then any other major city and the prevalence of tobacco retailers in Philadelphia, there are 27 retailers for every 1,000 youth between the ages 10-17. 11 Pennsylvania ranked 19th in the country for price of cigarettes with an average of 5. 85 per pack, about 5$ behind New York which was ranked 1st. 2 To formulate national statistics the CDC uses the data from the National Youth Tobacco Survey. The National Youth Tobacco Survey is our countries most effective way of measuring youth tobacco use. It is a school- based, self- administered questionnaire given to middle school students (6th to 8th grade) and high school students (9th- 12th grade). It has been given every 2 years since 2000 and is used by the Healthy People Foundation to keep track of the 2020 goal it has set. In 2011 the use of all types of tobacco for middle school and high school 7. 1% and 23. % respectively and the prevalence of specific cigarette use was 4. 3% for middle school students and 18. 1% for high school students. 13 The Healthy People oals for 2020 were set in 2009 when the cigarette use rate for high school students was at 19. 5%, the overall goal is to get it down to 16% by 2020. 14 In or der to reach the goals set for 2020 it is crucial that the countries cessation programs are doing their part. Research has shown that the most effective method for youths to quit smoking is a binary method, both behavioral techniques and medication use. In terms of medication use there are two types of medicinal categories, first- line and second- line. First-line medications are the ones that tend to be used first by smokers trying to quit and second-line medications are used if the irst- line medications prove inadequate. The most simplistic first-line medications are over-the-counter and come in the form of nicotine gum, patches and lozenges. The gums, patches and lozenges all offers doses of nicotine, starting with the highest dose the smoker is supposed to reduce dose over-time with the hopes of eventual nicotine independence. Nicotine Inhalers and Nicotine nasal spray are also first- line medications that work in the same way as the gum, lozenge and patch but are prescription rather then over-the-counter. Bupropion and Varenicline are two other forms of first-line medications that are also prescription. Bupropion also known as Zyban and Varenicline also known as Chantix both work to reduce the symptoms of nicotine withdrawal and reduce the urges smokers feel. The two second-line medications are Nortriptyline known as Aventyl and Clonidine known as Catapres. Aventyl is traditionally used to teat depression but has also proved successful with tobacco cessation efforts and Catapres is generally used to treat high blood pressue, but like Aventyl has shown effective in tobacco cessation. 1 5 The behavioral techniques that are used in tobacco cessation come in two forms, an intervention style and a program style. The current research efforts that have been done regarding the intervention methods of cessation are deficient. There is simply a lack of evidence- based interventions, which makes it very difficult to Judge the success as well as improve the programs. This issue was addressed with the Canadian Tobacco Control Research Initiative, which came up with the better practices model. The better practices model is based on the idea that successful solutions to complex problems must draw from both science and experience. 16 The Canadian Tobacco Control Research Initiative came out with guidelines on what ssues should be used while developing cessation interventions. As time passes with these new guidelines and more evidence based interventions occur it shouldnt ta long to specify what are the best methods for success. 6 Programs can be more accurately researched because their data is much more accessible. A cessation program can mean many different things, ranging from face to face counseling, telephone counseling, Internet counseling and group counseling. The most effective forms of counseling have been face-to-face counseling as well as group counseling. Telephone counseling is relatively new but has showed success in its short life. Rega rdless of how the counseling has been delivered the technique that has been proved to be the most effective is the problem-solving approach. The problem-solving approach asks smokers to think of times they are likely to smoke and then planning what to do to distract themselves from the urge to smoke. 17 Social support such as encouragement and caring has not surprisingly been proven effective ways to help cessation. N-O-T, Not on Tobacco is the American Lung Associations voluntary rogram for teens that want to quit smoking has proven to be successful in the past. It is the most researched, most widely used and most successful program in the United States. (YTC) N-O-T has 7 major characteristics that have made it to successful: 18 1. Allows teens to volunteer to participate 2. Includes group activities 3. Has separate activities for boys and girls 4. Uses a total health approach 5. Consists of 10 session and can be used in school and community settings 6. Is based on more then 10 years of research 7. Is proven effective, has a 21% quit rate, higher then any other program N-O-T evelops skills, confidence and support system that teenagers need in order to quit. They understand that one of the keys to quitting smoking is to have the ability to keep your life the same without the use of cigarettes. By doing this and aiding the teens in other problems other then the smoking such as controlling weight after quitting and managing stress they have been successful. While there has been success in the cessation programs there is clearly an incredible amount of room for improvement. The most effective way to drastically improve success is creating a more accessible environment to programs. Although many youth think about and attempt to quit tobacco many are unaware of or unable to access cessation services. Also, many youth do not think quitting tobacco is difficult enough to warrant professional assistance. 19 The most important thing we can do moving forward is to better recruit youth who smoke and use tobacco. Recruiting for programs such as these should be very specific and focus are the target audience. Using the data from the National Youth Tobacco Survey it can be fgured out which ethnicity has the most smokers and recruitment techniques should be in accordance ith those number . An effective way to do this would be to tap in to previous existing social networks in a community, such as a club or a sports team. While your peers can be the reason you start smoking as a result of negative pressure they can also be the reason you quit as a result of positive pressure. Offering incentives can also be a useful technique for recruitment, offering something like pizza at meetings could raise the attendance and access. Even if the child goes into the meeting with the sole intent of getting the incentive they are still exposed to cessation efforts. One last ecruitment technique can be to use other teens as recruiters. It will give a more personalized appearance and give you the feeling that you will not be alone. It is also on the shoulders of the health insurance companies and the health care system to provide access to these youths. All health insurance policies should cover any cessation program or method used by teens to quit smoking, the high prices of some medications and some counseling practices can deter youths from making an attempt to quit. It should be the standard that all health care services monitor and care for nicotine dependency. It falls on a combination of the government, healthcare systems and public health agencies to formulate a system that can effectively treat youth nicotine dependence. It is also extremely important that high schools are smoke free; the majority of youths time is spent, as schools and creating a smoke- free environment will deter smoking amongst youth. Another way to improve the current youth cessation programs in to apply adult programs to youth specifically for interventions, the most lacking in research of all methods. Due to this lack of research on youth interventions we can use what has been proven effective with adults. The United States Public Health System has provided the public specifically adults with recommendations that have proved successful. These recommendations include: It is essential that clinicians and health care delivery systems consistently identify and document tobacco use status and treat every tobacco user seen in a health care setting, Telephone quitline counseling is effective with diverse populations and has broad reach. Therefore, clinicians and health care delivery systems should both ensure patient access to quitlines and promote quitline use along with eight other proven effective recommendations. 0 As spoken about previously there are biological differences are one of the many things that vary between youth and adults. These differences could lead to a lack of success and should encourage counselors to use adult recommendations carefully. As a country we should be encouraged by the amount of success youth cessations programs have had but also motivated to continue to improve them. While it is unrealistic to think there will be a time when there are no smokers on this earth that should be our goal. We should aim for a 0% high school smoking rate because that will drive people to continue to find successful methods. If we live with the goal of a 0% smoking rate five or ten years down the road when we look at what the youth smoking is and look at its decline, it will be drastic. If you think about it in terms of a professional baseball pitcher, he goes into each game with the mindset of pitching a perfect game and works each day towards that goal. In hindsight with a more realistic mindset he can look back on his performance and see that getting 24 out of 27 men out rather then 27 out of 27 is still a success. Cessation is not an easy process and the only thing that can make it easier is a more committed effort by all parties involved.

Ergonomics with Hand and Power Tools Essay Example for Free

Ergonomics with Hand and Power Tools Essay Ergonomics, derived from the root word ergon which means work and nomos which means laws, is the study of the related interaction of humans and the objects being used to perform a specific task, process, or function. It is considered system-oriented regulations and practices applicable to various facets of human activities. Its main concern is on optimizing human performances and well being at the same time achieving a desirable system output or performance. In a simple term, correct ergonomic design will prevent humans or workers from repetitive or continuous injuries due to strain or stress on a specific part of their bodies, which if not corrected will lead to a possible long-term injury or worst, disability. To achieve this objective, humans or the workers must â€Å"fit† to the given tasks or work. Their limitations and capabilities are given into account to ensure that the equipment, tasks, output information, and the environment will suit each worker. To access the person and their related work, the ergonomists (individual specializing on ergonomics design) considers the tasks being done and its related demands towards the worker; the necessary equipment (shape, size, process); and the information being used (how it is accessed, changed, or presented). Usually, ergonomists utilizes references from other field of disciplines such as mechanical engineering, industrial engineering and design, anthropometry, physiology, psychology, and biomechanics. Often times, the principles of Ergonomic can be seen on the innovation of the equipment or machine, and the creation or enhancement of safety procedures. The field of ergonomics is actually divided into three major domains: The Physical ergonomics, which is concerned with the human physiological, anatomical, biomechanical, and anthropometric characteristics, as they are associated to specific physical activities. Examples of which are the postures during work, layout of the workplace, health and safety, handling of materials, continuous repetitions of movement; the Cognitive part of ergonomics which is concerned with the mental activities such as memory, perception, reasoning and psychomotor responses, as these influences the inherent interactions between humans and the system (tasks, machines or equipment, and information). Examples of which are the human and computer interactions, decision making, and mental work stress and work load; the Organizational ergonomics which is concerned in optimizing systems with respect to organizational structures, processes, procedures, and policies. Examples of which are ergonomics within the community, crew communication and resource, quality management, virtual organizations, and teamwork. Aside from this three major domain, there are five aspects of ergonomics, which concerns on the following: Aesthenics – example is the signage used in the workplace in such a way that it would be pleasing and at the same time provides information will be very much accessible to the workers. Comfort – example is the design of an alarm clock should give emphasis on its contrast in the dark so that eyestrain can be avoided. Safety – example is the labeling on the bottle of medicine should be ergonomically designed in terms of color and size of letters so that the patient with impaired visions can see more clearly the dosage. Ease of use – example is the street light should be strategically and visually located to be accessible to the motorists so that possible accidents may be prevented. Performance and productivity – example is the use of a specific machine in the sense that the worker must be ergonomically situated to prevent accident and maximize performance and productivity. Consequences of ignoring ergonomics include some but not all of the following: strain and injuries, increase lost time, less output in production, high material and medical costs, absenteeism, increased probability of work-related errors and accidents, and low quality of work (Holland, 2000). History The foundation of ergonomics have been seen in the culture of the Ancient Greece around 5th Century in the design principles of their hand tools, and workplaces. Very eminent were the hand tools in the form of axes, adzes, cramps, vices, benches, planes, gouges and chisel, pliers, pincers saws, rasps, and files. The usual handle at that time was made of wood and the antlers of reindeers were sharpened to create a sharp edge. The wooden handle was not smooth and has curvatures to fit the grip of the user. The sharp edge was almost tied to be perpendicular to the handle so that the worker’s arm can have a thrust on the object being cut. Since ergonomic was not prevalent at that time, the design of the handle as well as the orientation of the sharp edge illustrates the principle of ergonomics. These materials were used during 6000 BC then at around 3000 BC bronze and copper materials replaced the sharp edges. Screw vices were eminent during the 17th century Roman and Greek period. pegs were driven unto pre-bored holes on top of the bench. Again these were made of wooden parts not until the early 19th century that it was replaced by metal cramps and the design was changed to a â€Å"G† cramp structure. Planes during the 17th and 18th century manifests carved decorations and scrolled handles. During the 19th century major improvements were made wherein double cutting edge and iron were designed to prevent tearing. Early hammers were in the form of simple hand- held stones and made of iron, bronze, and steel. The early Romans used nails that lead to the development of the claw hammer at present (Marmaras, 1999). The evolution of power tools began in 1813, when a shaker in the name of Sister Tabitha Babbit, had a vision of a teeth ringing around a rim of the wheel spinning. This led to the development of the principles of sawing. Before Babbitt’s vision, sawing usually comprised of two-long ripsaws handled by two workers from one end to another. The spinning wheel were soon incorporated by circular blade then later on being run by machines through electricity rather than being actually performed by humans. The principle of the spinning wheel design contributed to the innovation of the sawmill. Ergonomically, the two-long rip saw proved to be very inadequate for two workers were needed to accomplish the task. In the development of the spinning wheel, one person is only needed to accomplish the task enhancing productivity. In 1867, Wilhelm Fein developed the first power hand drill through incorporating a minute electric motor to able to drill. Ergonomically, both hands were used to hand drill cast- iron and heavy metals, and shoulder strap and breastplate were used to prevent injury. Justus Traut, an employee of Stanley Rule and Level co. , developed the first ergonomically designed handles designed to make tools easier to hold such as block planes and levels. The patent was known to be the â€Å"Hand-y† grooves. Edmund Michel and Joseph Sullivan, in 1923, created a circular saw, which was in the form of a power hand tool to cut specifically lumbers, which was eventually called the â€Å"Skillsaw†. The evolution of hand and power tools is vast that only brief descriptions are given above. The principles of ergonomics can be seen on every design with emphasis on the functionality and safety of the user. Innovations on the materials used were obvious and technology changes the type of materials, design, and procedures, in conjunction with sound ergonomics principles (Sanders, 1993). Ergonomics applied to Hand and Power Tools Tools are considered one of the equipment being used in everyday activities. Whether it is intended for work, house hold activities, or creating something during leisure times, the necessary knowledge on the nature of the tools, how it is being operated, its corresponding risks, and the proper ergonomic procedures should be considered. Usually, tools are manufactured with safety taken into consideration when it is being used by humans or by the workers, but it can still possibly pose relevant hazards when used inappropriately. Tools are categorized into two parts: The non-powdered tools which includes screw drivers, pry bars, wrenches, axes, etc. ; and the power tools, which utilizes electricity to become functional, includes, hydraulics, electric- pneumatic, and powder actuated. The applications of Ergonomics manifested on the safety of the user and to their co-workers, to the quality of work and the overall process. Hazards should be considered as a basis for an ergonomic recommendations and approaches. Hazards of Using Hand Tools The hazards of using hand tools may emanate from the user itself: improper handling and maintenance, and misuse. Ergonomic Recommendations Since the hazard on using hand tools greatly depend more on the nature and awareness of the user, the following ergonomic solutions are advised: †¢ The worker or the user has a direct responsibility for the maintenance, proper use, and safe conditions of the hand tools being used. †¢ The workers must be trained that sharp ends of the hand tools such as those of knives and saw blades should be kept directed away from other nearby workers. †¢ Scissors and knives should be kept sharp at all times since dull tools can be more dangerous than sharp ones. †¢ The working area or specifically the floors should be kept dry and clean at all times to prevent workers from accidentally slipping with a sharp hand tool on their hands. †¢ On working inside a flammable substance environment, spark-resistant tools should be made for hand tools such as aluminum, brass, plastics, or wood. Power Tools Hazards When not properly used, power tools can cause harm and injuries, since it is utilizing electricity to operate. Ergonomic Recommendations †¢ Avoid carrying the tool by using hose or cord. †¢ Do not attempt to pull the hose or the cord to disconnect it from the receptacle. †¢ Tools should be disconnected from the power source before charging or servicing parts. †¢ Both hands should be used to operate the tool; secure the work with a vise or clamp. †¢ Keep the finger away from the on button unless the tool is to be operated. †¢ Keep the manufacturer’s manual for maintenance instructions on lubrication and changing parts. †¢ Always maintain good stance or balance when utilizing power tools. †¢ Avoid wearing accessories that may interfere when using power tools. †¢ Tag tools that are defective and keep it away from the working tools. Different ergonomic approaches are also considered on Guards, electric tools, powered abrasive wheel tools, pneumatic tools, powder-actuated tools, hydraulic tools, and jack hammers. Guard †¢ The safety guard should never be removed whenever a power tools is in operation. Electric tools †¢ These tools should have a three-wired cord with the third wire being the grounding wire to avoid electric shock. †¢ Always operate electric tools within the limit of their design specifications. †¢ Always wear protective gloves, and safety shoes. †¢ Store the tools in a dry and secured place. †¢ Do not operate the tools on wet or damp places to avoid electric shock. †¢ The working area should be well illuminated. Powered Abrasive Wheel Tools These tools are used for cutting, grinding, and polishing where when utilized may throw off fragments that can harm workers. Whenever this kind of power tool is used, always bear in mind the following ergonomic recommendations: †¢ Always use protection goggles for the eyes. †¢ Do not stand directly in line with the front wheel not until it reached its full working speed. †¢ The wheel should be inspected before mounting it to the tool. †¢ Turn off the power when the tool is not in use. †¢ Never use vise on clamping hand-held grinders. Pneumatic Tools The different types of pneumatic tools are hammers, drills, sanders, and chippers, and usually use compressed air to operate. The hazard of which is that a worker may be stroked by one of the tools fastener or attachments. Given below are some of the ergonomic recommendations. †¢ Always wear eye goggles for protection, ear buds for protection and a face guard. †¢ The hose should be checked if it is fastened securely †¢ A retainer or a safety clip must be installed to prevent the attachments from being drawn towards the barrel. †¢ Protective screens should be set up to protect nearby workers from the fragments †¢ Avoid pointing pneumatic tools directly towards another person or workers. Powder- Actuated Tools This kind of power tools should be treated with extreme caution and only trained personnel can use such tools. Hydraulic Tools †¢ Only use approved fire resistant fluid that can retain its properties when exposed. †¢ Do not exceed the recommended manufacturer’s operating pressure. Jacks †¢ All jacks must always have a form of a safety device that will enable the tool to stop. †¢ The load limit must not be exceeded. †¢ Secure the base to be stable and on a level surface. †¢ Proper maintenance should be observed: regular lubrications and checking on parts for damages. Given above are only some, but not all, of the safety procedures that must be observed in using hand and power tools. These relatively illustrate several safety practices based on the probable hazards among the workers. Since one of the major concerns of ergonomics is the safety of the workers, the procedures above â€Å"fits† workers and equipment to achieve desired result with minimal loss or injury. Generally workers using hand and power tools can be categorized into three model groups: the professionals who are skilled on using such tools; the so-called itinerant worker who is considered to be skilled and trained but with less experience and mostly self-thought; and the last is the one who only purchased a power tool for home use with no professional training after all. Since the first model comprised the professional groups, they can be considered as a skilled worker having sufficient knowledge and training on using such tools. Ergonomic considerations for such users should be emphasized on the safety functions of the tools such as limiting shields, retracting guards, safety catches, locks, and automatic stops. However, on the second and on the third model group, an awareness of the safety standards is a must aside from the safety features of the tools. These safety standards usually contained in the Occupational Safety and Health Hazards lists the minimal requirements on power hand tools. Examples of such are the following: Portable Circular Saws – These tools should be equipped with a guard below and above the base shoe or plate. Swing or Sliding Cut-off Saws – these tools should be provided with a hood that will totally enclose the upper half portion of the saw. Electric Power operated tools – these tools should have double insulation or be grounded accordingly. Hand Tools unsafe hand tools should not be given permit; impact tools should be inspected free of mushroom heads; wooden handles should be free from defects or cracks. Aside from the safety standards, practices and procedures for hand and power tools, several ergonomic innovations are being created to increase the safety of the workers especially for the third model group. Several examples of ergonomic innovations on hand and power tools are the Craftsman’s Twin cutter (Fig. 1), the Arbortech Allsaw 150 (Fig. 2), and the Saw stop system (Fig. 3). These innovations, intended mostly for the third model group, provides safety, and improved functionality to achieve comfortable handles, better balance, and self-holding triggers. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Conclusion To eventually avoid the possible hazards associated in using power tools, the workers must learn how to recognize the relevant risks in using such equipment and its safety procedures on handling and using such. All workers must be trained in using hand and power tools to avoid accidents. Safety helmets, goggles, ear buds, and uniforms must be provided to workers exposed on splashing fragments caused by the power tools. Hazardous areas where the power tools are being used should also be in consideration to avoid accidents. Different power tools innovations are now being considered to provide safety and functionality to those who are not a skilled user or worker. Over all, principles of ergonomics apply to broad applications: safety and innovations are some of the very applications of this in relation of utilizing hand and power tools. REFERENCES Hollands, James (2000). Engineering Psychology and Human Performance. Prentice Hall. Karl, Kroemer (2001). Ergonomics : How to Design for Ease and Efficiency (2nd Ed. ). Prentice Hall International Marmaras, Nathaniel (1999). Ergonomic Design in Ancient Times. Prentice Hall. Sanders, Mark and McCormick, Ernest (1993). Human Factors in Engineering and Design (7th Ed. ). McGraw Hill International. Stanton, Nate (2005). Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics Models. CRC Press Tilley, Alvin (2002). The Measure of Man and Woman: Human Factors in Design. McGraw Hill.

Analysing the Indian airline Jet airways and its management

Analysing the Indian airline Jet airways and its management Jet Airways is owned by London based billionaire Mr. Naresh Goyal and is a major Indian airline based in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is Indias largest airline and the market leader in the domestic sector having market share around 27%. It operates over 400 flights daily to 71 destinations worldwide including 47 domestic destinations and 24 international destinations in 19 countries across southern Africa, Asia, Europe and North America. The fleet includes Boeing 737, ATR 72-500s, Airbus A330-200, and Boeing 777-300ER. Jet airways has been repeated adjudged Indias best airlines and won many national and international awards. Company took over Air Sahara in the year 2007 and renamed it as Jetlite. Deal was valued around US$ 500 millions and was largest in the history of Indian aviation. Jetlite is marketed between low cost airlines and full service airlines. Jet Airways is one of the youngest aircraft fleet in the world. Average age of the fleet is only 4.82 years only. The airline industry  exists in an  intensely competitive market. In recent years, there has been an industry-wide shakedown, which will have far-reaching effects on the industrys trend towards expanding domestic and international services. The major development in airline industry is the rapid expansion of global alliance. Such alliances led to provide extended services to customers and sharing cost like airport lounges. Jet airways products Major Products:- Tourist travellers to exotic destination Business travellers to all corner of the world Offering through Tie up with resorts and hotels (Packaged deal) Tie ups with local transportations (like with Hertz for local taxis) On Board shopping Associated Products: Currency exchange windows on major airports Cargo services to domestic and international destinations Jet airways customers The customers are segmented into business travellers and tourist travellers. The business travellers are mainly service driven and loyalty depends upon on-time flight schedule, convenience, privileged treatment and loyalty bonus. Customers of this segment are regular and do not shift very easily. The Tourist travellers are price sensitive and sometimes one time customers. They chose flight of destination to destination. Facilities like wide network through alliance partners, on- board services, lounges will always keep stay ahead in completion. Service management: What Company has decided to provide quality and premium and world class airline service at competitive price to passengers. Business travellers who have a priority to maintain timeline, looking for a comfort and convenience and willing to pay premium price. Also for leisure travelers and economy class passengers, they have a no frill segment with convenient in flight paid services. How Offering in time service in new age aircraft with better in-flight service during the traveling and taking care of passenger from booking ticket to ensure safe and comfort travel to reach at final destination. Where: In National and International travel sector When: Already in existence, however it is an evolving process and can be modified depending on the customer expectation. Why: To remain a preferred choice of Airline, which will benefitted for a growth prospects and enhance market share. Jet airways services: Service process design at JET AIRWAYS are designed after taking due consideration of customer segment and requirements to enhance customer satisfaction level. While delivering the service, an emphasized to keeping low cost and always striving to improve efficiency. On Ground Services >>> Check in Options Airport lounges Coach Bus services Immigration services In flight services >>> Entertainment Magazines Cuisines Convenience and safety Assistance >>> Medical assistance Assistance to unaccompanied minors Assistance for infants Assistance for elderly / disabled people Other services >>> Mobile updates Boarding card freebies Customer friendly services like mobile services Customer Delight approach in Jet airways Jet airways moving beyond customer satisfaction and endeavouring for customer delight. The entire organisation is working for creating customer loyalty and relationships which drives business growth and profitability. Service manager believes that customer satisfaction levels can be enhanced through effective customer complaint redressal system and delivering the promise, providing a personal touch, going the extra mile and resolving problems well. The customer feedback or listening customer voices through customer satisfaction index, customer feedback, market research, listening to frontline personnel and strategic activities involving customers. Each flight ensures customer feedbacks and service managers ensure feedback from different segment of customers. Customer complaints / feedback are helpful in providing opportunities for continuous improvements in product offerings, quality and customer services. Effective complaint management creates more customer retention than consistent satisfaction. When customer dissatisfaction addressed, such customers become more loyal to the organization and also provides more opportunities and challenges. Customer complaints can help in learn about meeting their expectations and needs, and enable to build a customer-oriented organization. Good customer feedback system will help in institutionalize learning and continuous improvement. Design and implement fully integrated feedback system followed by focused approach towards gathering customer feedback and integrating it with the companys approach and business strategies ensure improvised services for customers. Organization needs to know what customers are saying. Human Resource Management and Culture in Jet airways The concept of HRM includes recruitment, training, compensation and performance appraisal. Human resource management defines relationship between employees and organization through processes, practices and guidelines. The role of the HR department in Jet airways to create effectiveness in service system Increase effectiveness through job security, training and rewards lead to job satisfaction and motivation. Monitor and evaluate job performance, enhance job role to maintain excitement and reward the employees for their excellence Reward for long-term commitment Employees need to be treated in main stream of organisation Jet Airways gives high priority on HRM to provide essential services to the customer satisfaction and enhance shareholders value. Operates within adopted code of conduct and ethics, abide by law, rules and regulations of the stock exchange. Every employee including directors required to become familiar with code of conduct. Proper training to front end and back end staff Ensuring the basic skills and competencies to handle customer while check in and on board Each employee should avoid using his/her private interest while performing the duty objectively and effectively. Ambiguity and conflict resolution with fair and justifiable manner Reward and recognition as per the aviation industry practice Qualified and skilled crew members The HR practices like job design, employee empowerment, training, remuneration and careful selection processes lead to satisfied employees who deliver high levels of service quality. The employee motivation is critical to the results of the service delivered. The cycles of success and failure are based on the intertwined roles of employees and customers. The employees attitudes and behaviours are affected by human resource (HR) practices which further led to influence customers attitudes and ultimately impact the profitability. Higher employees satisfaction and motivation enhance service deliverance of individual and achieve higher service quality as well as lower employee turnover. It improves the customers perception and makes them more satisfied which further turn to loyal customer. Hence Jet airways became preferred choice of travellers and contribute to profitability. The HR practices like job design, employee empowerment, training, salary and careful selection processes lead to satisfied employees who deliver high levels of service quality. The Effective HR involvement in Jet Airways is the key to having a competent and committed workforce. The recruitment, training and competency development, performance monitoring and rewards and recognition are the key areas where Jet Airways implement effective HR policies to achieve a high quality workforce and high quality service experience for the Customer. The role of HR practices in airlines industry is competency development, employee empowerment, and collaboration. The service delivery gap is the performance gap when employees are unable and/or unwilling to perform the service at the desired level. The major factors which contributes to the performance gap are teamwork, employee-job fit, technology-job fit, perceived control, supervisory control systems, role conflict and role ambiguity The competent employee in Jet airways means first need to understand the importance of technical skills, behaviours and employee attitudes for specific roles and then hiring the right people and identifying strategies to develop them into excellent service providers. The greatest challenges for services managers in Jet airways are to develop employees to manage the complexity and conflicting demands of their roles. Frontline employees have to simultaneously meet customers expectations and organizational priorities. Sometimes demand of difficult customers can lead to feelings of stress, conflict and Frustration. The role stress has a negative impact on performance in terms of employees commitment, satisfaction, productivity and ability to deliver service quality to customers. Factors Contributing to Work Stress are role conflict, role ambiguity and role overload. The role stress can be reduced through leadership, empowerment and formalization. Collaboration among employees within organisation enables them to find solutions for critical and unforeseen problems. Sharing of experience and war stories enables people to learn. Collaborative team approach among employees in Jet airways is more important due to many services deliverance exhibit variability. The variables depend upon customers wants / needs, the frontline employees abilities/ attitudes and organizational support. Managers are unable to develop routines, procedures and manuals to deal with every contingency. Employees help and learn from one another through their experience. Employee Empowerment is a HR practice that gives the employees the authority to use decision making when confronted with diverse customer requests. One of service management principle is Decision-making authority as close as possible to the customer interface. It empowers employees for making decision, give employees the authority to use judgment and make prompt decisions when confronted with diverse customer requests. It leads to higher levels of job satisfaction and employee commitment. Employee Empowerment helps in customer satisfaction and employee motivation. Performance management system Performance measurement systems in Jet airways include various aspects on performance like financial, non financial and are customer-driven. A performance measure has to be integrated and balanced. The Balanced Scorecard comprises of financials, internal business, Innovation Learning and Customer. The Balance Score Card helps managers to stay focused on their strategy and objectives in line of organizations goals. Financial: Year on Year increase in companys revenue and profitability. Increase in market share Increase/ decrease in Customer segment Value creation for shareholders Lost baggage claim Any Accident/ technical faults Non Financial: Geography expansion Addition in number of flights, size of carriers Perceived value and image Corporate social responsibility (CSR) Employee attrition rate Customer Satisfaction Levels: Customer satisfaction survey Average Passenger per flight (Increase/decrease) Word of mouth service experience Code sharing with another carrier Round trip package for business and economy travelers Complimentary solution for hotels, taxi and site trip Steps for an integrated and balanced performance measurement system Work out vision and strategic performance measure Communicate performance measure Set out objectives sync with performance measures Integration in system and evaluation Strategic learning Value creation for customers and Service Innovation in service industry like Jet airways is driven by customer feedback. Efficient delivery of services, quality of delivery followed by performance put service organizations ahead in competition. Customer feedback gives an opportunity to understand customer need, formulate improved differentiated services and deliver effectively. Integration of cross functional thinking in process of creating value added services for customer gives opportunity to involve people is mission of the organisation. Jet airways made tie ups with various services like rent a car, hotels, shopping, dining in restaurant. Boarding pass of flight extends discounts from various premier outlets ranges 15% to 50%. Innovation gives competitive advantages to the organizations and also helps in sustain the desired performance. Innovation described as continually renewing offering (Products services). Diversity in work force that always willing to accepts new age technology and implement in deliverance resulted in scaling performance of the organization. A competitive advantage means distinctive competencies or capabilities and perceived differently by customers and stake holders. The competitive advantages can be offered through cost leadership, create differentiation and focus on specific product / market / customer segment. The sources of competitive advantages of Jet airways are superior skills, distinctive capabilities and outstanding resources .These sources of competitive advantage enable to offer superior customer value and leads to customer loyalty and profits. Competitive forces challenge the quality and delivery of products by imitation and substitutes. The competitive advantages are sustainable through ability to deliver high levels of service quality, manage higher productivity and efficiency and having a large base of loyal customers. Jet airways is commanding leadership position in Business traveller segment due to On time flight schedules and widest network. Tie ups with resorts hotels of exotic destination gives edge to jet airways in tourist travellers segment. This segment prefers product basket offerings which includes air travel, Resort / hotel arrangement and local conveyance. The sustainability of competitive advantages are challenged by technology, human resource skill, and capacity capability to deliver services The increasing participation of customers, the role of IT and the diminishing evidence for the traditional characteristics of services such as inseparability and heterogeneity are important in maintaining a sustained competitive advantage. Setting the highest standards ever seen in Indian skies, Jet Airways introduces delicious new menus, Jet airways become Indias first airline to offer In-flight entertainment and Jet mobile services, web check- in, self check in services at airport are few exceptional services offered. Jet Konnect flights offered low fares to the price sensitive customer segment. Excellent deliverance of comfort, entertainment and cuisine made jet airways one of the finest airlines in Indian skies. Productivity and efficiency is another aspect which makes customer delighted. The various factors affecting efficiency are: Individuals mood at work, health and well-being. Enhance relationships with customers colleagues Streamline work design and work processes Improve the physical environment Increase perceived organizational support The productivity and efficiency can be increased while identifying and reducing waste in processes, and in gaining the most from peoples skills, increasing job control and encouraging inter-personal, collaborative relationships. Challenges ahead. Some of challenges in airline industry are service quality, customer value, changes in information technology, eliminating waste, managing productivity, combating competitive forces, and measuring and monitoring performance in different ways. As an organization has to identify profitable segment of customers and need to extend knowledge of customers so that invest in the groups that are likely to bring the most consistent returns. The growth and sustainability of organization is driven by the profitability of the customers and not their numbers alone and profitability changes with changes in the customer acquisition and retention strategies. Frontline service work is complex which involves interactions with others, using ever-advancing technology, conveying intangibles such as information and solutions to problems, managing processes and dealing with role stress. Future customer service professionals will need enhanced cognitive capabilities (technical process skills) and affective competencies (emotional interaction skills). Technology is facilitating in increased customer self-service and reducing human interaction. Customers are performing tasks themselves and routine, repetitive work is being replaced by technology. Employees are becoming more specialized, work will be more demanding, and they will need to be better equipped to manage complexity and relationships. E-services and advance technology impacts the way businesses interact with their customers. Inclusion of new technology is fast replacing the front desk executive and bringing the company-customer interface right on the customers desktop. Service industry is having challenge of delivering consistently high quality service and service manager are focusing on Realign strategy to accommodate shortened information chains, and changing customer demands and preferences. Redesign processes and reassemble operations taking account of what can and should be back-office and front-office. Restructure to accommodate new work, new technological interfaces.

Modern Crime :: essays research papers

"She's just another Hollywood whore, an immoral porn queen. She's beyond redemption," he muttered to himself as he paced back and forth outside her apartment building. He had been constantly walking around outside the building for hours now, harassing people passing on the streets with crazed questions. Suddenly, overcome with resolve, the man stomped back to the building and rang the bell. She had rejected him once, but never again. He had given her a chance, but she had turned him away from her life. How could she do this to him, her biggest fan? After letting go of the buzzer, Robert Bardo hid himself in the bushes by the door. This was the only choice he had left after such a rejection. Twenty-one year old Rebecca Schaeffer, actress on the sitcom My Sister Sam, answered the door for the last time in her life. She had politely turned away a disturbing man earlier that day after explaining to him that she had to study her lines for her next show. However, when she answered the door this time, there was no one there. Bardo saw his chance and acted on it. He burst from the shadowy confines of the bushes and pushed a gun into Schaeffer's chest, pulling the trigger after he had her in his grasp. The bullet barely missed the young actress's heart as she fell to the ground, bleeding from a mortal wound. As Bardo flew from the scene, he stashed the incriminating evidence into the bushes. After interrogations performed by the LAPD, it was found that Bardo had been stalking Schaeffer for a very long time. However, this was not the usual case of a voyeur or a stranger trailing someone throughout their day. Bardo had traced Schaeffer through the use of the computer and its vast resources. With the use of computer databases, Bardo was able to find out where Schaeffer lived, what her telephone number was and who she called, what kind of vehicle she drove, and where she spent her money. It was as if Bardo could look through a window and clearly see all of Schaeffer's personal, intimate secrets (Rothfeder 13-14).This is the perfect example of a modern crime, in which all of an individual's privacy and personal information have become little more than a commodity, easily accessible to anyone with very little hassle. In the highly modernized society in which everyone lives, people compromise their privacy in order to live comfortably.

Communism Essay -- Communism Essays

Communism is the belief that everyone in a society should be equal and share their wealth. It is an outgrowth of socialism and Anabaptism (Laski 45). It became a firmly rooted term after the Russian Revolution of 1917. According to the words of Karl Marx, "From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs" 1. These theories were spread by Karl Marx. He believed that what a person made of himself reflected his effort (McLellan 1). He also believed that communism, or the state of equality was ones "final stage in life" (Leone 1). Communism basically started in 1847, with the formation of the London Communist League. This was an international association of worker, whose sole purpose was to write a "theoretical and practical program which would serve as the basis for uniting the working classes of Europe" (Leone 1). The London Communist League asked Marx for help in drafting a document to represent their standings. He composed the "Communist Manifesto" or "The Manifesto of the Communist Party" (Leone 1). The Russian Revolution helped foster communism. The Russian Revolution started with the with the assassination of Rasputin. In March of 1917, the Duma declares a prvisional government, including czars. During this period, there were also massive strikes by the workers. It was furthered by the abdication of Czar Nicholas. The Russian Revolution itself occured throughout 1917, with the start of the March Revolution. In April of 1917, Lenin return from exil in Switerland and denounced the established provisional government. The next general step was the gaining of the seats in the Petograd Soviet Parliment by the Bolsheviks. The Bolsheviks picked Lenin to then head the government, just several days after the November Revolution. During this revolution the peasants storm the palace, taking total control of the government. At this point, the power was given to Lenin. Almost immediatly he issued the New Economic Plan, which instituted the one party system or communism. They basicaly supported the basic communist theories of Karl Marx, as interpreted by Lenin. He installed many of his beliefs and helped reorganize the people, and essentially emmancipatte the working class. He also is credited with the creation of the S... .... The economic state of China made it much more profitable for a peasant to work for the warlord that form the land (Shanor 95). Because of the poor conditions, small Communist groups began to form in China's cities. At first, they were allies with Sun Yat-Sen and his Nationalists. But the good feelings between the two parties deteriorated quickly after Chiang Kai-Shek, Sun's successor, ordered the Shanghai Massacre of the Communists. Chiang spent the following years alternating between negotiating with and fighting against the Communists. The situation became so drastic that the Communists eventually fled during the Long March of 1934-35 (Shanor 95). The United States, who was very Anti-Communist after WWII, supported Chiang Kai-Shek. Over a period of four years, the US gave $2.5 billion to support the Nationalist cause. Despite their efforts, the Communists eventually overthrew the Nationalist government, forcing Chiang and followers to flee to Taiwan. On October 1, 1949, Mao Zedong, the leader of the Communists, proclaimed the country as the People's Republic of China (Shanor 96). 1 Industrial Workers of the World www.iww.org

The Yellow Wallpaper :: essays research papers

It must be about 3 a.m. I am laid up in this hospital with breast cancer writing about my life. I was married to a doctor, God rests his soul, but men in my days were not fun to be with. I had a depression problem and I believe he was more burdensome than the depression itself. There was a time when I just had a baby, I became very depressed, and my husband said it would do me well to get fresh air. I, the woman of the times, wanted to get better and I trusted my husband, and had no other way. So he took me out in the country, and I mostly stayed in this beautiful house that had become my prison with one room in particular. It was there that I realized nobody was listening to me, I had become everyone's burden, and my own burdens were not to be heard of. After all, how could I possibly have any, I was given daily baths and massages, I was not to look after my baby at all. I was feed breakfast, lunch and dinner. I was told not to write; it was most forbidden of it. They believed writing excited a woman too much; such a thing was not to be heard of. In that 1880's time a woman was to tend to her husband and the house hold. The room that I stayed in had the most absurd wallpaper. It was yellow, and it some areas it was faded or torn. I despised the wallpaper, but my dear husband said, "My love if I fix the wall paper then it will be something else I will have to fix. So this is part of your therapy. You must get used to it." After a while it seemed as if the wallpaper began to reach out at me calling my name. It seemed like a woman was trapped inside the walls. I thought to myself, "I must free her." And night I would wake up, and I would see her watching me. At first I was afraid, but now it seems as if we have become one. I watch her crawling around out in the yard from time to time desperately looking for freedom. I wanted so bad to free her, but how could I. I wanted to ask her, but how? Maybe she doesn't want this freedom I believe she so deserves.

Infection Control

You cannot seem to stop vomiting, your head should be permanently embedded in the toilet because you have not moved in ours. You know for sure something is not right at this point because you have never felt this way. You pick yourself off of the bathroom floor and decide to head to the Emergency room. Upon your arrival you are escorted to the back to be seen because of the degree of your illness. The doctor comes in your room and asks you a variety of questions such as what you ate, when did the symptoms first begin.You inform your doctor nothing out of the ordinary and proceed to tell the doctor what you have consumed. You proceed to tell the doctor you made a chicken dish 2 nights before. The doctor stops you in your traps, he/she notices that it has been about a day and half since you ate and prepared the chicken and your symptoms that you are currently experiencing. The doctor takes a look at you and says you have food poisoning. The doctor has informed you by either not cooking the chicken properly or the handling of the chicken you have been infected with Salmonella.This situation could have been easily avoided simply by cooking the meat to temperature, handling the chicken with care such as washing your hands right after exposure to the chicken and or wiping down everything that came in contact with the chicken with a confection spray. Infection control is something that can be done and is quite simply at times, sometimes it is as easy as washing your hands. While many people do not practice infection control in their daily lives, using proper infection control can eliminate illness, sickness and even death. â€Å"Food Poisoning†, 2013) Once you have been exposed to an infection and you are experiencing the terrible side effects, you want to know how you could have been infected. First and foremost, infection is spread by tiny little microscopic organisms that we like to refer to as cetera and viruses. These little germs are found everywhere incl uding our environment. Even us humans have germs, they are in our body secretions that include our stool and in tiny little droplets that are produced by breathing, coughing and sneezing. Infections are spread through many different ways.The first way that was already stated was through stool. Stool contains germs that cause diarrhea and other infections that affect the intestinal tract that is found in feces. If for some reason a person doesn't properly demonstrate personal hygiene is can spread wrought contaminated hands, food, water and even other surfaces that the individual encounters. Most importantly these germs spread because they can survive long periods of time. The key to not spreading germs from stool is to properly washing your hands each and every time one uses the laboratory.Another way infection is spread is through droplets. The common cold, influenza, and strep throat to name a few are spread through germs that are found in ones saliva and secretions of the nose. A nytime someone sneezes, coughs or wipes that dreadful runny nose it is coming from the respiratory tract THAT contain germs. These little germs can easily be inhaled or accidental land in someone else nose, mouth or even eye and then they too have now been infected. Like stated before majority of germs can hang around because they can with stand our environment for a long period of time before dying off.Another way is contact with blood. There are numerous types of infection that can be spread by direct contact with blood. It Just takes a break in the skin or even contact with the mucous membranes for instance the nose and eye. Only takes a very small amount of blood to spread infection. Therefore anytime blood or body laid are seen handle with care, such as always use gloves when handling such items and properly dispose of it and be sure to properly disinfect when the blood has been cleared up. Direct physical contact is another way infection is spread.For example ringworm and impe tigo is easily spread by physical contact. Contaminated objects such as toys, bottles, and pacifiers are easy conductors for germs because the sick child plays or uses the item. Then the well child comes along and uses it and now they have been exposed. With that said it is imperative for an adult to constantly confecting and assonating toys and other items used by children. (â€Å"How Infections Spread†, 2011) There is variety of ways to help prevent the spread of infection, it is just a matter of practicing the strategies.The first and most important strategy to ensure that infection will not spread is to simply wash your hands. According to Elizabeth Gillespie (2009),† It is now recognized that hand hygiene is the primarily measure for infection prevention. † She continues to add, † When performed well, it reduces transmission of microbial pathogens both in community and in healthcare setting. Basically in a nutshell wash your hands to prevent whatever yo u have touched or were exposed to.Another way to prevent infection is environmental hygiene, one of the key sources for infection to spread is through environmental surfaces. Some types of bacteria have been proven to survive for months on environmental surfaces. Therefore when a person touches these surfaces with their hands or even another type of skin contact the infection is then transmitted from the surface to the individual. With that said it is very important to keep surfaces clean and disinfected. The third way to prevent infection is to get vaccinated.Vida, 2013) According to â€Å"The Free Dictionary, 2013† vaccination is defined as â€Å"A preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus, or of a portion of the pathogen's structure that upon administration stimulates antibody production or cellular immunity against the pathogen but is incapable of causing severe infection. † Getting vaccinated at a young age and continuing to keep u p with vaccination throughout your life can help prevent the spread of virus' and bacteria such as Smallpox, Rubella, and even influenza during flu season.In order to ensure that infection does not make it to the individual to be able to infect their system, there are two ways to stop the germs in their track and that is by disinfecting and sterilizing. While the two both have the same Job and that is to decontaminate, they do two different things. For example disinfection is the action of eliminating and or reducing toxic germs that live on objects and surface. On the other hand sterilization is the process of actually killing the germs. Sterilizing even goes has far as to kill the spores of different types of germs that occupy in liquids, surfaces and surrounding areas.Some types of disinfectants are air disinfectants, alcohols, alludes, oxidize agents and phenols. Some examples of sterilization are steam, heat, chemicals sterilization and sterile filtration. Disinfection is used more for air and surfaces, where as sterilization is used to kill germs on food, medicine and surgical instruments. (Ritual, Ph. D. , M. P. H. & Weber, Ph. D. , M. P. H. , 2008) It is quite easy to prevent the transmission of infection. The most important key to eliminating the spread of infection is using safety measures to ensure you do not become contaminated or how to avoid contamination all together.Like stated previously infection is spread a number of ways however person to person contact is the most relative because people are simply not washing their hands. Hand washing can easily eliminate this problem , however there is more to it then simply Just running your hand through water. In order to ensure you are killing the germs you must apply soap and to rub your hands together for at least 15 seconds. Some people like to sing the â€Å"BBC† song or even â€Å"Happy Birthday' song to ensure they are utilizing the 1 5 second rule. Be sure to wash all soap off and dry y our hands .To secure the washing of your hands try to turn the faucet off and open the bathroom with your elbow. One can also use hand sanitized or rubbing alcohol when washing of the hands is not an option. Infection is also spread through the body naturally mechanism of coughing and sneezing. A cough and or sneeze can go as far as three feet or more once it has been produced and performed. However by covering you mouth and nose when sneezing and or cough it eliminates the germs from traveling and spreading to the air. The use of tissues when coughing or sneezing will allow the germs to be confined o the tissue and a little on your hands.After you have disposed of the tissue make sure you wash your hands to protect the surfaces and others you may encounter. Also use common courtesy when you know you are sick. With that said try to remain at least three feet away from other people and use a mask if possible to avoid the spread when coughing or sneezing. Avoid shaking hands with othe r people and try to not touch others while you are sick. If these precautions are used on a daily basis it can ensure that germs are not spread saves you a trip to the doctor. (â€Å"Preventing TheSpread Of Infection: Standard Precautions†, 2012) Infection control is important to utilize in today's world. There are a variety of germs that can make one sick and enough can cause death. If more people in the world practiced infection control there would be less bacteria and virus, it can be Just as simple as washing your hands. There are signs and advertisements everywhere concerning the need for infection control. You walk into a public bathroom and it is telling you wash your hands. Some places have done away with manual towel dispenser and opt for dryer for hands to avoid touching the dispenser. Infection Control You cannot seem to stop vomiting, your head should be permanently embedded in the toilet because you have not moved in ours. You know for sure something is not right at this point because you have never felt this way. You pick yourself off of the bathroom floor and decide to head to the Emergency room. Upon your arrival you are escorted to the back to be seen because of the degree of your illness. The doctor comes in your room and asks you a variety of questions such as what you ate, when did the symptoms first begin.You inform your doctor nothing out of the ordinary and proceed to tell the doctor what you have consumed. You proceed to tell the doctor you made a chicken dish 2 nights before. The doctor stops you in your traps, he/she notices that it has been about a day and half since you ate and prepared the chicken and your symptoms that you are currently experiencing. The doctor takes a look at you and says you have food poisoning. The doctor has informed you by either not cooking the chicken properly or the handling of the chicken you have been infected with Salmonella.This situation could have been easily avoided simply by cooking the meat to temperature, handling the chicken with care such as washing your hands right after exposure to the chicken and or wiping down everything that came in contact with the chicken with a confection spray. Infection control is something that can be done and is quite simply at times, sometimes it is as easy as washing your hands. While many people do not practice infection control in their daily lives, using proper infection control can eliminate illness, sickness and even death. â€Å"Food Poisoning†, 2013) Once you have been exposed to an infection and you are experiencing the terrible side effects, you want to know how you could have been infected. First and foremost, infection is spread by tiny little microscopic organisms that we like to refer to as cetera and viruses. These little germs are found everywhere incl uding our environment. Even us humans have germs, they are in our body secretions that include our stool and in tiny little droplets that are produced by breathing, coughing and sneezing. Infections are spread through many different ways.The first way that was already stated was through stool. Stool contains germs that cause diarrhea and other infections that affect the intestinal tract that is found in feces. If for some reason a person doesn't properly demonstrate personal hygiene is can spread wrought contaminated hands, food, water and even other surfaces that the individual encounters. Most importantly these germs spread because they can survive long periods of time. The key to not spreading germs from stool is to properly washing your hands each and every time one uses the laboratory.Another way infection is spread is through droplets. The common cold, influenza, and strep throat to name a few are spread through germs that are found in ones saliva and secretions of the nose. A nytime someone sneezes, coughs or wipes that dreadful runny nose it is coming from the respiratory tract THAT contain germs. These little germs can easily be inhaled or accidental land in someone else nose, mouth or even eye and then they too have now been infected. Like stated before majority of germs can hang around because they can with stand our environment for a long period of time before dying off.Another way is contact with blood. There are numerous types of infection that can be spread by direct contact with blood. It Just takes a break in the skin or even contact with the mucous membranes for instance the nose and eye. Only takes a very small amount of blood to spread infection. Therefore anytime blood or body laid are seen handle with care, such as always use gloves when handling such items and properly dispose of it and be sure to properly disinfect when the blood has been cleared up. Direct physical contact is another way infection is spread.For example ringworm and impe tigo is easily spread by physical contact. Contaminated objects such as toys, bottles, and pacifiers are easy conductors for germs because the sick child plays or uses the item. Then the well child comes along and uses it and now they have been exposed. With that said it is imperative for an adult to constantly confecting and assonating toys and other items used by children. (â€Å"How Infections Spread†, 2011) There is variety of ways to help prevent the spread of infection, it is just a matter of practicing the strategies.The first and most important strategy to ensure that infection will not spread is to simply wash your hands. According to Elizabeth Gillespie (2009),† It is now recognized that hand hygiene is the primarily measure for infection prevention. † She continues to add, † When performed well, it reduces transmission of microbial pathogens both in community and in healthcare setting. Basically in a nutshell wash your hands to prevent whatever yo u have touched or were exposed to.Another way to prevent infection is environmental hygiene, one of the key sources for infection to spread is through environmental surfaces. Some types of bacteria have been proven to survive for months on environmental surfaces. Therefore when a person touches these surfaces with their hands or even another type of skin contact the infection is then transmitted from the surface to the individual. With that said it is very important to keep surfaces clean and disinfected. The third way to prevent infection is to get vaccinated.Vida, 2013) According to â€Å"The Free Dictionary, 2013† vaccination is defined as â€Å"A preparation of a weakened or killed pathogen, such as a bacterium or virus, or of a portion of the pathogen's structure that upon administration stimulates antibody production or cellular immunity against the pathogen but is incapable of causing severe infection. † Getting vaccinated at a young age and continuing to keep u p with vaccination throughout your life can help prevent the spread of virus' and bacteria such as Smallpox, Rubella, and even influenza during flu season.In order to ensure that infection does not make it to the individual to be able to infect their system, there are two ways to stop the germs in their track and that is by disinfecting and sterilizing. While the two both have the same Job and that is to decontaminate, they do two different things. For example disinfection is the action of eliminating and or reducing toxic germs that live on objects and surface. On the other hand sterilization is the process of actually killing the germs. Sterilizing even goes has far as to kill the spores of different types of germs that occupy in liquids, surfaces and surrounding areas.Some types of disinfectants are air disinfectants, alcohols, alludes, oxidize agents and phenols. Some examples of sterilization are steam, heat, chemicals sterilization and sterile filtration. Disinfection is used more for air and surfaces, where as sterilization is used to kill germs on food, medicine and surgical instruments. (Ritual, Ph. D. , M. P. H. & Weber, Ph. D. , M. P. H. , 2008) It is quite easy to prevent the transmission of infection. The most important key to eliminating the spread of infection is using safety measures to ensure you do not become contaminated or how to avoid contamination all together.Like stated previously infection is spread a number of ways however person to person contact is the most relative because people are simply not washing their hands. Hand washing can easily eliminate this problem , however there is more to it then simply Just running your hand through water. In order to ensure you are killing the germs you must apply soap and to rub your hands together for at least 15 seconds. Some people like to sing the â€Å"BBC† song or even â€Å"Happy Birthday' song to ensure they are utilizing the 1 5 second rule. Be sure to wash all soap off and dry y our hands .To secure the washing of your hands try to turn the faucet off and open the bathroom with your elbow. One can also use hand sanitized or rubbing alcohol when washing of the hands is not an option. Infection is also spread through the body naturally mechanism of coughing and sneezing. A cough and or sneeze can go as far as three feet or more once it has been produced and performed. However by covering you mouth and nose when sneezing and or cough it eliminates the germs from traveling and spreading to the air. The use of tissues when coughing or sneezing will allow the germs to be confined o the tissue and a little on your hands.After you have disposed of the tissue make sure you wash your hands to protect the surfaces and others you may encounter. Also use common courtesy when you know you are sick. With that said try to remain at least three feet away from other people and use a mask if possible to avoid the spread when coughing or sneezing. Avoid shaking hands with othe r people and try to not touch others while you are sick. If these precautions are used on a daily basis it can ensure that germs are not spread saves you a trip to the doctor. (â€Å"Preventing TheSpread Of Infection: Standard Precautions†, 2012) Infection control is important to utilize in today's world. There are a variety of germs that can make one sick and enough can cause death. If more people in the world practiced infection control there would be less bacteria and virus, it can be Just as simple as washing your hands. There are signs and advertisements everywhere concerning the need for infection control. You walk into a public bathroom and it is telling you wash your hands. Some places have done away with manual towel dispenser and opt for dryer for hands to avoid touching the dispenser.